What are Braxton Hicks contractions? Braxton Hicks contractions are intermittent, usually irregular contractions of the uterine muscle. They are sometimes called “practice contractions,” although the term can be misleading: the uterus is not rehearsing in a conscious way, but the…

Why libido can change in pregnancy Sexual desire is not controlled by one hormone or one emotion. It reflects a complex interaction between endocrine changes, vascular and pelvic tissue changes, nervous system arousal, fatigue, nausea, pain, sleep, self-image, relationship safety,…

Why sleep changes in pregnancy Pregnancy affects sleep through several interacting mechanisms. Rising progesterone may contribute to sleepiness, smooth-muscle relaxation, and changes in respiratory physiology. Estrogen and vascular changes can worsen nasal congestion, while uterine growth increases bladder pressure and…

What pregnancy edema means Edema means swelling caused by fluid accumulation in body tissues. During pregnancy, the body naturally expands its blood volume and extracellular fluid volume to support the placenta and the growing fetus. Hormonal effects also influence the…

Why breathing can feel different in pregnancy Pregnancy places new demands on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Oxygen consumption rises to support maternal metabolism, the placenta, and fetal growth. To meet that demand, ventilation increases, largely through deeper breathing rather…

What spotting means medically Spotting generally refers to a small amount of vaginal bleeding that does not require a pad or tampon, or only lightly marks a liner. It may appear as pink, red, or brown discharge. Brown blood usually…

Why vaginal discharge increases in pregnancy Vaginal discharge is not simply a nuisance; it is part of normal genital tract physiology. The vagina produces fluid that helps remove cells and microorganisms, maintains an acidic environment, and supports a balanced microbiome.…

Why constipation is so common in pregnancy Constipation is typically defined as infrequent bowel movements, hard or lumpy stools, difficulty passing stool, straining, or a sense of incomplete evacuation. In pregnancy, it may appear early in the first trimester or…

What heartburn and acid reflux mean Heartburn is a symptom: a burning, hot, or painful sensation usually felt behind the sternum and sometimes rising toward the throat. Acid reflux refers to the movement of gastric contents from the stomach back…

What are pregnancy cravings and aversions? A food craving is a strong desire for a specific food, flavor, texture, or sensory experience. It may be for sweet foods, salty foods, sour flavors, dairy, fruit, spicy meals, starches, ice, or highly…