A–Z Glossary

Working memory

Working memory is the ability to hold and use information briefly while completing a task or following instructions.

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Dysgraphia in children: signs and classroom challenges

Dysgraphia in children: signs and classroom challenges

What dysgraphia is Dysgraphia is a specific learning-related difficulty that interferes with written expression. In practice, it can show up as poor handwriting, inconsistent letter formation, slow transcription, spelling errors, or trouble turning ideas into coherent sentences and paragraphs. Some children mainly struggle with the motor act of writing; others have a broader written-language problem […]

Slow processing speed and school performance

Slow processing speed and school performance

What slow processing speed means Processing speed is the rate at which the brain can register information, interpret it, and produce a response. In school, that response might be speaking, writing, choosing an answer, copying from the board, or shifting to the next step in a task. A child with slow processing speed may understand […]

Teaching independent thinking kids

Teaching independent thinking kids

What independent thinking really means Independent thinking means a child can pause, gather information, and form a reasoned view rather than simply copying the loudest voice or the first answer. It includes judgment, not just confidence. A child who thinks independently can say, in age-appropriate ways, “I am not sure yet,” “Why do you think […]

Parental involvement and setting expectations children

Parental involvement and setting expectations children

Why parental expectations matter Children use caregivers’ expectations as information about both the task and themselves. A message such as “I know you can learn this, and we will find the right support” communicates confidence without demanding immediate perfection. By contrast, vague criticism, comparison with siblings, or repeated emphasis on grades can make performance feel […]

School success factors children explained

School success factors children explained

What school success means School success is broader than achieving high marks. It may include acquiring literacy and numeracy, participating in lessons, attending regularly, developing executive functions, forming relationships, managing frustration, and becoming increasingly independent. A child may be progressing meaningfully even when their attainment is not yet at the expected level. Academic achievement is […]

What to do when a child hides unfinished schoolwork

What to do when a child hides unfinished schoolwork

Begin with calm curiosity When you find an unfinished worksheet in a drawer, backpack, or under a bed, pause before confronting the child. A strong reaction can unintentionally confirm the child’s fear that disclosure will lead to humiliation, punishment, or an intense argument. Regulate your own response first, then choose a private moment for conversation. […]