A–Z Glossary

prolactin

Prolactin is a hormone released in response to nipple stimulation that supports the breast’s synthesis of human milk.

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Hormonal changes across trimesters

Hormonal changes across trimesters

Why hormone patterns change so much in pregnancy Pregnancy begins with a rapid handoff between the ovary and the placenta. In the earliest weeks, human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG, signals the corpus luteum to keep producing progesterone, which helps maintain the uterine lining and supports early gestation. As the placenta develops, it becomes the major […]

Emotional response and hormones after birth

Emotional response and hormones after birth

The immediate hormonal transition Pregnancy is characterized by very high concentrations of placental estrogen and progesterone. After the placenta is delivered, both hormones decline rapidly over the following days. This withdrawal is one of the most abrupt endocrine transitions in human physiology. Estrogen and progesterone interact with neurotransmitter systems involved in mood, anxiety, sleep, and […]

How pumping affects milk supply

How pumping affects milk supply

The physiology of milk production Milk production is regulated by endocrine and autocrine mechanisms. During pregnancy and after placental delivery, hormonal changes, including a fall in progesterone and continued prolactin activity, enable lactogenesis, the process of establishing milk secretion. Once lactation is underway, repeated milk removal becomes a major determinant of ongoing production. When an […]