Confounding by indication occurs when people in compared groups differ because their care setting reflects medical need rather than random assignment.
The comparison is not one-to-one Safety statistics hospital vs center can look deceptively simple: one setting may report lower transfers, another may report stronger emergency capacity, and a third may publish better patient-experience scores. The problem is that hospitals and centers usually care for different patient populations. Hospitals commonly include higher-risk pregnancies, urgent complications, inductions, […]
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